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Express thanks online, get happier

With gratitude on everyone’s mind this week, a recently launched online study at UC Berkeley’s Greater Good Science Center makes it easy to, in one fell swoop, give thanks and contribute to a growing body of research on the subject.
The endeavor is based on the work of UC Davis psychology professor Bob Emmons, who has found that students who kept gratitude journals for a short period of time experienced strengthened resilience, became less vulnerable to daily stresses and suffered less from minor health complaints such as rashes and headaches.
Emmons teamed up with the Greater Good Science Center at UC Berkeley to launch a new website, Thnx4.org, earlier this month. The website functions as an interactive, shareable gratitude journal, as well as an online database for researchers who are studying gratitude. Entries made by participants are kept private (for research purposes only) unless participants elect to share them, either via an anonymous public feed or through their own social networks.
According to a statement released by the team behind Thnx4: “The project is part of a $5.6 million, three-year national effort called ‘Expanding the Science and Practice of Gratitude,’ funded by the John Templeton Foundation. Some $3.1 million of that money came to the Greater Good Science Center, which designed Thnx4.org with the twin goals of conducting research and educating people about the power of gratitude. The center also is dispensing research grant money to postdocs and graduate students nationwide.”


A screenshot from Thnx4.org. Source: Greater Good Science Center
The website launched earlier this month and already has met its initial goal of signing up more than 1,000 participants in November, said Jeremy Adam Smith, web editor for the science center.
Studies consistently show, noted Smith on Wednesday, that people who keep a gratitude journal are 25% happier than those who don’t. (See tips here for how to keep your journal.)
“Emmons says that gratitude works, in part, because you’re affirming that there are good things in life,” said Smith. “If you thank somebody, that’s affirming the relationship and strengthening social ties.”
As part of the study’s launch, the research team created the Cal Gratitude Challenge, asking participants affiliated with Cal to use the website to keep a two-week ‘gratitude journal’ during November and, if they choose, to share their posts with others. The Challenge takes 14 consecutive days for 5-10 minutes a day, and people without Cal connections are also welcome and invited to use the site. (Learn more here.)


source : berkeletside

workers defy Hostess' demands

1:47AM EST November 16. 2012 - INDIANAPOLIS -- Striking Hostess Brands workers remained on the picket lines across the country Thursday night, refusing a company ultimatum to return to work or face the liquidation of the national baker.
The maker of Twinkies, Ding Dongs and Wonder Bread warned it would file a motion in U.S. Bankruptcy Court to shutter operations if enough workers didn't end their weeklong strike by 5 p.m. ET Thursday.
The company is expected announce Friday whether it will follow through on that strategy. A shutdown would result in the loss of about 18,000 jobs.
Hostess, based in Irving, Texas, already has reached a contract agreement while in bankruptcy with its largest union, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. But thousands of members in its second biggest union went on strike late last week after rejecting a contract offer that cut wages and benefits.
The Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union said the company stopped contributing to workers' pensions last year, and the union wants pension benefits restored.
Production at about a dozen of the company's 33 plants has been seriously affected by the strike, said Lance Ignon, a Hostess spokesman.
He said a decision on liquidating the company may not come until Friday morning after it's had a chance to assess plant operations late Thursday.
"Do it, shut it down," a woman yelled at 5 p.m. Thursday from the picket line formed at the company's Indianapolis plant.
As many as 45 people in the picket line chanted, "No pension, no deal," as they walked a tight circle in the growing cold and gathering darkness.
Their picketing drew frequent supportive honks from passing drivers.
Wedrick Hollingsworth, business agent for Local 372-B of the bakers union, said union members took wage and benefit concessions four years ago and are unwilling to accept further wage cuts and reductions in health and pension benefits sought by the company. "It's just too much for these employees to accept. We gave concessions four years ago."
John Smith, a wrapper operator at the plant who has worked for Hostess for 22 years, said he's at peace with his decision to join the strikers. "You have to take a stand for what you believe in. They gave us a take-it-or-leave-it deal. We can't take the financial abuse."
Hollingsworth, warmly dressed in coveralls and a hooded sweatshirt, said union members would man the picket line outside the plant round-the-clock. Workers erected a tent and were burning wood fires in two grills to help stay warm.
Several private security officers watched the strikers from the gate of the plant, which normally runs its ovens 24 hours a day turning out bread, buns, mini-doughnuts and muffins.
The union business agent said he'd prefer to see Hostess sold.
"It's definitely got to be better than what this company's trying to implement. There are other bakeries out there looking to purchase some of these locations. These employees have the opportunity to go back in (under a new owner)."
Privately held Hostess filed for Chapter 11 protection in January, its second trip through bankruptcy court in less than a decade. The company cited increasing pension and medical costs for employees as one of the drivers behind its latest filing. Hostess contends workers must make concessions for it to exit bankruptcy and improve its financial position.
The company, founded in 1930, is fighting battles beyond labor costs, however. Competition is increasing in the snack market, while Americans are increasingly conscious about healthful eating. Hostess also makes Dolly Madison, Drake's and Nature's Pride snacks.
The Teamsters union is urging the bakers union to hold a secret ballot on whether to continue striking. Citing its financial experts who had access to the company's books, the Teamsters say that Hostess' warning of liquidation is "not an empty threat or a negotiating tactic" but a certain outcome if workers keep striking.
Hostess warned it would begin closing operations as early as Tuesday.

source : usatoday

Syarat dan pengertian uang



Syarat uang

- Diterima secara umum (acceptability),

- Tahan lama (durability),

- Kualitasnya cenderung sama (uniformity),

- jumlahnya dapat memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat serta tidak mudah dipalsukan (scarcity).

- Mudah dibawa ( portable),

- Mudah dibagi tanpa mengurangi nilai (divisibility),

- Nilainya cenderung stabil dari waktu ke waktu (stability of value).

Pengertian uang

Menurut Robertson Uang adalah segala sesuatu yang umum diterima dalam pembayaran barang-barang

Menurut R.S. Sayers Uang adalah segala sesuatu yang umum diterima sebagai alat pembayaran utang

A.C. Pigou Uang adalah segala sesuatu yang umum dipergunakan sebagai alat penukar

Albert Gailort Hart Uang adalah kekayaan yang dapat digunakan oleh pemiliknyua untuk melunasi utangnya dalam jumlah tertentu pada waktu itu juga

Rollin G. Thomas Uang adalah segala sesuatu yang diterima umum dalam pembayaran (pembelian) barang-barang, jasa-jasa, dan pelunasan utang


Berdasarkan beberapa pengertian di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa uang adalah segala sesuatu yang dapat diterima umum sebagai alat penunjuk harga barang dan jasa, alat penukar, merupakan kekayaan, dan dapat dijadikan sebagai alat untuk membayar utang

IPS Sejarah uang


Sejak zaman purba, manusia berusaha untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Kebutuhan manusia bertambah dan dirasakan tidak mungkin lagi memenuhi kebutuhannya sendiri. Manusia mulai memerlukan barang buatan orang lain. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut mereka melakukan barter (tukar menukar barang). Ternyata barter dirasakan memiliki kelemahan diantaranya barang yang ditukarkan tidak bisa dipecah-pecah untuk dapat ditukarkan dengan beberapa barang yang dibutuhkannya. Oleh karena itu masyarakat mencari inisiatif untuk mencari dan menetapkan alat perantara tukar menukar yang dapat diterima dan ditukarkan kepada siapapun. Alat tersebut disebut dengan uang barang, contohnya tembakau, kerang, gading, garam. Uang barang ini ternyata memiliki beberapa kelemahan juga diantaranya : sukar dibawa ke mana-mana, sukar disimpan, tidak tahan lama, nilainya tidak tetap, dan tidak bisa dipecah-pecah. Kemudian manusia mencari alat lain yang dapat dijadikan alat tukar lain yang terbuat dari emas dan perak yang disebut dengan uang logam. Ternyata uang logampun memiliki kelemahan kemudian manusia menciptakan lagi uang kertas.

Dampak perubahan social budaya


Dampak perubahan social budaya

a. Dampak Positif:

- Kemajuan Ilmu Pengetahuan

- Kebutuhan Mudah Terpenuhi

- Pola Pikir yang Lebih Maju

b. Dampak Negatif

- Dekadensi Moral

- Kriminalitas

- Aksi Protes dan Demonstrasi

- Konsumerisme

- Pergolakan Daerah

- Pergolakan daerah

Perubahan-perubahan sosial yang tidak dikehendaki (unintended-change)


Perubahan-perubahan sosial yang tidak dikehendaki (unintended-change)

Adalah perubahan yang terjadi tanpa dikehendaki serta berlangsung di luar jangkauan pengawasan masyarakat dan dapat menyebabkan timbulnya akibat-akibat sosial yang tidak diharapkan oleh masyarakat. Contoh: Urbanisasi yang tidak terkontrol, banjir, longsor, gunung meletus, tsunami.

19. Faktor pendorong dan penghambat perubahan social budaya:

a. Faktor Pendorong:

- kontak dengan budaya lain

- pendidikan formal yang maju

- menghargai hasil karya orang lain

- sikap terbuka

- penduduk yang heterogen

- rasa tidak puas

- orientasi masa depan

- ikhtiar

- menerima hal yang baru

b. Faktor Penghambat:

- kurangnya hubungan dengan masyarakat

- perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan yang lambat

- sikap tradisional

- prasangka terhadap hal baru

- adat kebiasaan

20. Faktor penyebab perubahan social budaya:

a. Faktor Internal

1) Perubahan penduduk

2) Penemuan (discovery, invention, dan inovasi)

Discovery: penemuan unsur baru baik berupa alat maupun gagasan. Contoh: listrik

Invention : discovery yang sudah diakui. Contoh: lampu listrik

Inovasi : penemuan yang sudah dikenal dan dimanfaatkan masyarakat

3) Teknologi

4) Pertentangan

5) Revolusi

b. Faktor eksternal:

1) Lingkungan alam

2) Peperangan

3) Kontak budaya dengan masyarakat lain, yang meliputi: difusi, akulturasi, asimilasi

Difusi : penyebaran budaya dari tempat lain

Akulturasi: percampuran dua kebudayaan, dimana budaya asli masih nampak

Asimilasi: peleburan dua kebudayaan menjadi satu

21. Tipe Masyarakat dalam menyikapi perubahan

- Bersikap Selektif DalamMenerima Pengaruh Budaya Lain.

- Berpikir yang IlmiahTerhadapPerubahan.

- Mendorong Perubahan Tersebut ke arah yang Lebih Baik

- Menerima Perubahan yangMengarah Pada Peningkatan Taraf Hidup dan KesejahteraanUmat Manusia.